Gerald Goldberg, MD
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# Posted: 4 Jan 2006 15:43
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6. Neurotransmitter Dysfunction
Microwave radiation can affect the chemistry of the brain directly. It acts through several different mechanisms. The first is direct DNA damage. The second is through direct disruption of metabolism and the shut down of the production of ATP and creatine phosphate. The third category is direct oxidative damage. The fourth is disruption of neurotransmitters in the cholinergic system of the brain, which includes GABA, acetylcholine, and diazepam like receptors which all tend to produce a calming effect. The fifth is a disruption of protein metabolism which is necessary to help lay down memory tracts.
Thus the affected individual has a short circuited brain which is not working well and is judgmental impaired, incapable of insight and self repair and lacks the chemical ability and sensitivity to calm itself down. Sound familiar?
Studies have repeatedly shown that the metabolism of the frontal lobes and the hippocampus are shut down. Their ability to use or produce calming neuro-transmitters are impaired. These areas of the brain are crucial in developing insight and evolving memories. Medications may ameliorate this condition but they may not be dealing with the underlying cause which is epidemic in proportion. .
It has been shown that the most reliable markers of stress related injuries affecting the nervous system are lowered levels of anti-oxidants. These studies also suggest that replacement therapies are the most effective in addressing this metabolic imbalance, apart from removing any noxious influences.
Behavioral and Cognitive Disturbances
The following articles show the relationship between the type of brain wave activity which reflects regional blood flow, the attempts to control brain wave activity and its beneficial effect on syndromes associated with anxiety. Note I have included a study involving alcoholic withdrawal. In addition the last articles in the series document the repetitive nature of diminished blood flow in all of these different syndromes.
Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 Nov;115(11):2452-60
The effects of neurofeedback training on the spectral topography of the electroencephalogram.
Egner T, Zech TF, Gruzelier JH.Division of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK. tegner@fmri.columbia.edu
The association between alpha/theta training and replicable reductions in frontal beta activity constitutes novel empirical neurophysiologic evidence supporting inter alia the training's purported role in reducing agitation and anxiety Biofeedback training reduced the incidence of agitation and anxiety.
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Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1992 Jun;16(3):547-52
Alterations in EEG amplitude, personality factors, and brain electrical mapping after alpha-theta brainwave training: a controlled case study of an alcoholic in recovery.
Fahrion SL, Walters ED, Coyne L, Allen T.
Menninger Clinic, Topeka, KS 66601.
Training consisted of six sessions of thermal biofeedback to increase central nervous system (CNS) relaxation. Effects were documented with pretreatment and post-treatment.post-test the brain map indicated pain-associated EEG activity in the contra lateral somatosensory area, but no apparent anxiety-associated EEG activity. At 4 months post-treatment the patient's wife and colleagues report the patient appears to function in a more relaxed way under the impact of stress, and he reports no longer experiencing craving for alcohol. Biofeedback training helped an alcoholic to stop drinking and decrease stress levels.
J Clin Psychol. 1995 Sep;51(5):685-93 Alpha-theta brainwave neurofeedback training: an effective treatment for male and female alcoholics with depressive symptoms.
Saxby E, Peniston EG.
Biofeedback Center, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
On the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-I, the experimental subjects showed significant decreases on the BR scores: schizoid, avoidant, dependent, histrionic, passive-aggression, schizotypal, borderline, anxiety, somatoform, hypomanic, dysthmic, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, psychotic thinking, and psychotic depression. Twenty-one-month follow-up data indicated sustained prevention of relapse in alcoholics who completed BWNT. Biofeedback helped severe alcoholics who were depressed and exhibited severe personality disorders to stop drinking and helped to alleviate their depression.
Biol Psychiatry. 1986 Aug;21(10):889-99 Pathological cerebral blood flow during motor function in schizophrenic and endogenous depressed patients.
Guenther W, Moser E, Mueller-Spahn F, von Oefele K, Buell U, Hippius H.In Type II schizophrenics and severely endogenous depressed patients, however, we found a widespread nonreactivity of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) to motor activation, with no flow increase in the contralateral primary motor area. Severely depressed and schizophrenic patients where noted to have diminished blood flow to the left side of the brain.
Psychiatry Res. 1996 Nov 25;68(1):1-10 Temporal lobe dysfunction and correlation of regional cerebral blood flow abnormalities with psychopathology in schizophrenia and major depression--a study with single photon emission computed tomography.
Klemm E, Danos P, Grunwald F, Kasper S, Moller HJ, Biersack HJ.
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bonn, GermanyOur data suggest that left-sided temporal lobe dysfunction is related both to schizophrenia and major depression. The localization of hypo perfusion seems to be associated with the type of psychopathology (positive vs. negative symptoms in schizophrenia). Thus, the results support the model of Para limbic and prefrontal dysfunction in both diseases. The left temporal lobe appeared to have decreased blood flow in schizophrenic and depressed patients. This was a consistent finding.
Schizophr Res. 1997 Oct 30;27(2-3):105-17 Regional cerebral blood flow in late-onset schizophrenia: a SPECT study using 99mTc-HMPAO.
Sachdev P, Brodaty H, Rose N, Haindl W.
School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Little Bay, Australia.
The LOS(late onset schizophrenic) subjects had a significantly lower cerebral hemispheric perfusion than controls, with a lower perfusion in the frontal and temporal lobes bilaterally. The LOS group also had significantly lower left-to-right hemisphere blood flow ratios. Older schizophrenic patients where noted to have decreased blood flow to the front of their brains more marked on the left.
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;56(12):1117-23
Functional imaging of memory retrieval in deficit vs. nondeficit schizophrenia.
Heckers S, Goff D, Schacter DL, Savage CR, Fischman AJ, Alpert NM, Rauch SL.Psychotic Disorders Unit, Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Group, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. heckers@psych.mgh.harvard.edu
During the attempt to retrieve poorly encoded words, patients without the deficit syndrome recruited the left frontal cortex to a significantly greater degree than did patients with the deficit syndrome. The 2 schizophrenia subtypes did not differ in the activity or recruitment of the hippocampus during memory retrieval. CONCLUSION: Frontal cortex function during memory retrieval is differentially impaired in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia, whereas hippocampal recruitment deficits are not significantly different between the 2 schizophrenia groups. Schizophrenic patients of both types had decreased ability to use their left frontal lobes, they were impaired in memory tasks.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997 Nov;63(5):597-604
Temporal lobe abnormalities in dementia and depression: a study using high resolution single photon emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Ebmeier KP, Prentice N, Ryman A, Halloran E, Rimmington JE, Best JK, Goodwin GM.
MRC Brain Metabolism Unit, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park, UK.
Demented patients showed reduced perfusion, particularly in the left temporoparietal cortex. In these regions of interest, patients with late onset depression tended to have perfusion values intermediate between patients with early onset depression and demented patients. Patients with late onset dementia and patients with depression both showed patterns of decreased blood flow to the left frontal lobes.
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Sep;51(9):677-86
Reduction of cerebral blood flow in older depressed patients.
Lesser IM, Mena I, Boone KB, Miller BL, Mehringer CM, Wohl M.
Department of Psychiatry, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance.
Patients exhibited a global reduction in regional cerebral blood flow compared with controls, with the orbital frontal and inferior temporal areas affected bilaterally. Older depressed patients had a significant decrease in the blood flow to their frontal lobes.
Nucl Med Commun. 2005 Sep;26(9):757-63
Voxel-based assessment of spinal tap test-induced regional cerebral blood flow changes in normal pressure hydrocephalus.
Dumarey NE, Massager N, Laureys S, Goldman S.
aDepartment of Nuclear Medicine and PET/Biomedical Cyclotron Unit bDepartment of Neurosurgery, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium cCyclotron Research Centre, Universite de Liege, Liege, Belgium.
According to SPM analysis, gait improvement at the spinal tap test in patients with NPH syndrome is associated with an rCBF increase localized in the bilateral dorsolateral frontal and left mesiotemporal cortex Older patients with NPH ( which is a swollen brain) and presented with impaired ability to walk, improved after decompression of the brain. There was noted to be an improvement which paralleled a return to normal pattern of blood flow in the brain. This showed that the nervous system was intact, it was just suffering from decreased blo
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